A General Transversality Criterion for Hopf Bifurcation in Characteristic Equations with Distributed Delay

Eva Kaslik, Loredana Flavia Gabor, Maria Roxana Matei, Mihaela Neamțu

Annals Academy of Romanian Scientists

doi:10.56082/annalsarscimath.2026.3.223 url Hopf bifurcations Delay Differential Equations

Abstract

A general formula is given for the Hopf transversality condition associated with characteristic equations of the form $R(z)=H(z,\tau)$, where $R$ is analytic and $H(\cdot,\tau)$ is the Laplace transform of a distributed-delay kernel. Our main result expresses the crossing direction of a simple purely imaginary characteristic root and provides a geometric interpretation of the transversality condition. We obtain as special cases the classical discrete-delay formula and explicit criteria for self-similar kernels, including the exponential and Erlang families. Several consequences for stability switching are also discussed, and examples are given.

BibTeX

@article{KaslikGaborMateiNeamtu_AARC_2026,
  title         = {
    A General Transversality Criterion for {Hopf} Bifurcation in Characteristic
    Equations with Distributed Delay
  },
  author        = {
    Eva Kaslik and Loredana Flavia Gabor and Maria Roxana Matei and Mihaela
    Neamțu
  },
  year          = 2026,
  journal       = {Annals Academy of Romanian Scientists},
  series        = {Series on Mathematics and Its Application},
  volume        = 18,
  pages         = {223--240},
  doi           = {10.56082/annalsarscimath.2026.3.223},
  issn          = {2066-6594},
  issue         = {3/2026},
  abstract      = {
    A general formula is given for the Hopf transversality condition associated
    with characteristic equations of the form $R(z)=H(z,\tau)$, where $R$ is
    analytic and $H(\cdot,\tau)$ is the Laplace transform of a
    distributed-delay kernel. Our main result expresses the crossing direction
    of a simple purely imaginary characteristic root and provides a geometric
    interpretation of the transversality condition. We obtain as special cases
    the classical discrete-delay formula and explicit criteria for self-similar
    kernels, including the exponential and Erlang families. Several
    consequences for stability switching are also discussed, and examples are
    given.
  },
}